Regular Physical Activity and Dental Erosion: A Systematic Review

Introduction

Regular physical activity is widely recognised for its numerous health benefits; however, emerging evidence suggests a potential association between such activity and dental erosion, particularly when accompanied by the frequent consumption of sports drinks. Dental erosion involves the irreversible loss of tooth enamel and dentin due to chemical processes, primarily from external acids, and is distinct from other forms of tooth wear as it does not involve bacterial action. This review aims to explore the relationship between regular physical activity and the risk of developing dental erosion, with a focus on the role of sports beverage consumption.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted up to November 20, 2021, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were utilized to identify relevant studies. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies examining the relationship between dental erosion and regular physical activity, with or without the consumption of sports drinks. After applying specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, sixteen studies were selected for the systematic review.

Results

The meta-analysis revealed that physically active individuals who regularly consumed sports drinks had more than a 2.5-fold increase in the odds of developing erosive lesions compared to those who did not consume these beverages. Overall, nearly half of the individuals engaged in sports experienced dental erosion, and more than half reported frequent consumption of sports drinks. The studies included in the review varied in terms of participant age groups and types of sports disciplines, but a consistent association was observed between regular physical activity and an increased risk of dental erosion, particularly with the frequent intake of sports drinks.

Discussion

The erosive potential of sports drinks is primarily attributed to their low pH and the presence of acids such as citric acid, which can lead to the demineralisation of enamel. Factors such as the frequency of consumption, duration of exposure, and individual salivary flow rates play significant roles in the development of dental erosion. Athletes, especially those involved in endurance sports, may experience dehydration, and reduced salivary flow during prolonged physical activity, further increasing their susceptibility to erosive lesions. The review also highlights a lack of awareness among athletes regarding the potential risks associated with the frequent consumption of sports drinks and the importance of preventive measures.

Conclusion

Regular physical activity is associated with an increased risk of dental erosion, particularly when accompanied by the frequent consumption of sports drinks. The review underscores the need for increased awareness among athletes and healthcare professionals regarding the potential oral health risks linked to sports drink consumption. Implementing preventive strategies, such as promoting the consumption of water during exercise, educating athletes on the risks of acidic beverages, and encouraging regular dental check-ups, is essential to mitigate the risk of dental erosion in physically active individuals.